Resumo
Contexto: A inteligência artificial generativa (IAGen) difundiu-se rapidamente no ensino superior em todo o mundo, embora ainda sejam limitadas as evidências empíricas provenientes do Sudeste Asiático e de contextos do Sul Global. O ensino superior vietnamita, marcado por rápida expansão, fortes políticas de transformação digital e uma cultura avaliativa fortemente orientada a exames, constitui um contexto singular para a análise das percepções dos estudantes sobre a IAGen.
Objetivo: Este estudo analisa as percepções e a adoção da inteligência artificial generativa por estudantes universitários vietnamitas com base no Modelo de Aceitação de Tecnologia (TAM), com atenção especial a fenômenos que ultrapassam os construtos clássicos do modelo.
Métodos: Adotou-se um delineamento qualitativo exploratório. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade, em língua vietnamita, com 30 estudantes universitários de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, incluindo negócios, engenharia, ciências sociais, design, mídia e belas-artes. Os dados foram analisados tematicamente com base em Braun e Clarke (2006), resultando em cinco temas principais e dezesseis códigos de conteúdo.
Resultados: A IAGen tornou-se uma ferramenta de aprendizagem quase onipresente entre os participantes, sendo utilizada principalmente para busca de informações, síntese de documentos, preparação de apresentações e realização de atividades acadêmicas. A elevada utilidade percebida e a facilidade de uso favoreceram sua ampla adoção, sendo que 90% dos participantes relataram uso diário ou semanal. Entretanto, foram identificadas preocupações significativas relacionadas à dependência excessiva, à dependência tecnológica, às imprecisões em conteúdos gerados por IA, à redução do pensamento independente e aos desafios impostos à avaliação autêntica. Também foi observado um padrão específico de uso excessivo de IA por parte de docentes, especialmente na produção de materiais didáticos sem verificação suficiente. Estudantes de áreas criativas demonstraram maior ceticismo em relação à promoção acrítica da IA e expressaram preocupações quanto aos possíveis impactos sobre suas perspectivas profissionais futuras.
Conclusão: Embora o TAM explique adequadamente a rápida aceitação da IAGen, o modelo não contempla integralmente fenômenos simultâneos como desconfiança epistêmica, fadiga em relação à IA, preocupações com dependência e inquietações sobre a qualidade educacional. Os achados oferecem evidências empíricas oriundas de um contexto do Sul Global e demonstram que a adoção da IAGen no ensino superior vietnamita é caracterizada por uma tensão entre elevada aceitação pragmática e expressivas reservas críticas. Com base nesses resultados, propõe-se uma versão ampliada do TAM, incorporando dimensões epistêmicas, pedagógicas e profissionais.
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